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ECOSYSTEM

Click on the icons below for more information about each stakeholder. 

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STAKEHOLDERS:

RELATION TO SETTING:

RELATIONSHIP TO OTHERS:

HOW (ACTIVITIES):

Patient (Not Vulnerable)

Access health services

Seek treatment

  • Primary Care Physician

  • Private Health Clinic

  • Urgent Care Clinic

Patient NV

Patient (Vulnerable)

Access health services

Seek treatment

  • Urban Health Center

  • Urgent Care Clinic

  • Rural Hospital Systems

Patient V

Nurses

Provide health services

  • Provide vaccines

  • Perform exam

  • Perform diagnostic tests

  • Employee of sole provider

  • Employee of health system

  • Employee of clinic

Primary Care Physician

Provide health services to known patient

  • Sole provider

  • Employee of health system

  • Practicing privileges at hospital

  • Perform exam

  • Perform diagnostic tests

  • Order diagnostic tests

  • Refer to specialist

  • Provide treatment and guidance

Nurses
PCP

Urban/Urgent Care

Physician

Provide health services to unknown patient

  • Employee of clinic

  • Employee of affiliated health system

  • Perform exam

  • Perform diagnostic tests

  • Order diagnostic tests

  • Refer to specialist

  • Provide treatment and guidance

Urban Phys

Private Health Clinic

Provide health care/ treatment infrastructure

  • Affiliated with health care system

  • Approved by public payer system

  • Contract with private insurers

  • Provide treatment infrastructure

  • Submit claims to public insurers

  • Submit claims to private insurers

Private Health Clinic

Immunization Clinic

Provide preventative treatment

Provide influenza vaccines

  • Pharmacy-based

  • Public health-based

  • School-based

Immunizatio Clinic

Public payer system

(Medicare, Medicaid)

Reimburse approved medical expenses

  • Contract with sole providers

  • Contract with autonomous clinics

  • Contract with health care systems

  • Affiliated with state programs

  • Managed by US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)

  • Regulated by HHS regarding HIPAA

  • Pay vaccine fees

  • Pay office visit fees

  • Pay diagnostic test fees

  • Pay ER visit fees

  • Pay hospital system fees

Public Payer System

Private insurance providers

Reimburse approved medical expenses

  • Contract with sole providers

  • Contract with autonomous clinics

  • Contract with health care systems

  • Regulated by state departments of insurance

  • Regulated by HHS regarding HIPAA

  • Pay vaccine fees

  • Pay office visit fees

  • Pay diagnostic test fees

  • Pay ER visit fees

  • Pay hospital system fees

Private Insurance

Urban/Suburban Hospital Systems

Provide health care/ treatment infrastructure

  • Transport destination for emergency medical services (EMS)

  • Employ physicians

  • Employ nurses

  • Employ specialty staff

  • Employ support staff

  • Employ administrative staff

  • Approved by public payer system

  • Contract with private insurers

  • Provide advanced treatment and interventions

  • Provide treatment infrastructure

  • Submit claims to public insurers

  • Submit claims to private insurers

Urb Hospital System

Rural Hospital Systems

Provide health care/ treatment infrastructure

  • Transport destination for emergency medical services (EMS)

  • Employ physicians

  • Employ nurses

  • Employ specialty staff

  • Employ support staff

  • Employ administrative staff

  • Approved by public payer system

  • Contract with private insurers

  • Provide advanced treatment and interventions

  • Provide treatment infrastructure

  • Submit claims to public insurers

  • Submit claims to private insurers

Rural Hospital

Pharmaceutical Companies

Develop vaccines and treatments

  • Regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

  • Fund vaccine trials

  • Coordinate with US Centers for Disease Control

  • Sell vaccines and pharmaceuticals to health care system

  • Develop new influenza vaccines

  • Develop diagnostics

  • Develop advanced influenza treatments

  • Distribute vaccines and treatments

Pharm

Voluntary/Non-Governmental Organizations

Support public health efforts

  • Coordinate with local public health agencies

  • Coordinate with local emergency management agencies

  • Provide vaccine clinics

  • Support public health points of distribution (POD)

NGO

EMS Providers

Provide medical and transport services

  • Departments within local governments (e.g. Fire and Rescue departments)

  • Contracted by local governments (3rd party or private services)

  • Coordinate with local Public Safety Answering Points (PSAP)

  • Provide triage of patients

  • Provide initial treatment of patients

  • Provide transport of patients to medial facilities

EMS

Local Public Health Agencies

Provide local public health guidance and interventions

  • Coordinate with municipal leadership and government

  • Coordinate with health care system providers

  • Coordinate with state public health agencies

  • Interact with patients at PODs

  • Provide prophylaxis PODs

  • Provide treatment PODs

  • Develop local health guidance

  • Conduct epidemiological assessments

  • Provide models and projections of disease spread

Local PH

State Public Health Agencies

Provide state health guidance

  • Coordinate with state leadership and government

  • Coordinate with federal health agencies and departments

  • Coordinate with local health agencies

Develop state-wide guidance

State PH

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)

Manage multiple health and insurance agencies and departments

  • Manage HHS agencies/ departments

  • Manage insurance regulation systems

  • Regulate private insurance systems

  • Manage federal public health insurance systems

HHS

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [HHS]

Federal health protection agency

  • Coordinate with international health organizations

  • Coordinate with state health agencies

  • Provide national health guidance

  • Conduct epidemiological assessments

  • Provide models and projections of disease spread

  • Projects influenza type

CDC

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [HHS]

Regulates the development of prophylaxis and pharmaceuticals

  • Approve newly developed prophylaxis

  • Approve newly developed pharmaceuticals

Coordinate with pharmaceutical companies

FDA

National Institutes of Health (NIH) [HHS]

Conduct biomedical research

Fund research on Influenza

  • Component of HHS

  • Manage and coordinate NIH Institutes and Centers

  • Conduct biomedical research related to influenza

  • Regulate biomedical research related to influenza

NIH

World Health Organization (WHO)

Provide global health guidance

  • Selects strains for influenza vaccination

  • Release global guidance for influenza prevention and care

Coordinate with HHS

WHO

Private Research Entities

Fund the development of influenza research and treatments

Contribute to the body of knowledge on Influenza

  • Conduct influenza research

  • Fund distribution of influenza prophylaxis and treatment

Private Research
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Project by InFLUencers team for JHF Patient Safety Fellowship

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